Journal: Food Science and Human Wellness
Article Title: Ochratoxin A induces mitochondrial apoptosis and ferroptosis by inhibiting Sigma-1 receptor to disrupt redox and cholesterol homeostasis
doi: 10.26599/fshw.2024.9250372
Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 5. A conceptual model of OTA-induced mitochondrial apoptosis and ferroptosis by inhibiting Sigma-1 receptor (Sig-1R) to interfer with redox and cholesterol homeostasis. The symbols → and ┴ stand for direct/indirect activation and inhibition, respectively. The symbol ----› represents movement. Abbreviations: long-chain fatty acid-CoA ligase 4 (ACSL4), B-cell lymphoma-2-associated X protein (BAX), B-cell lymphoma-2-like protein 1 (BCL-XL), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) homologous protein (CHOP), cyclophilin D (CypD), endoplasmic reticulum (ER), ER stress (ERS), glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), GRAM domain-containing protein 1B (GRAMD1B), 78 kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP78), glutathione (GSH), 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR), inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM), mitochondria-associated ER membranes (MAMs), mitochondrial GSH (mGSH), outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM), oxidative stress (OS), ochratoxin A (OTA), reactive oxygen species (ROS), Sigma-1 receptor (Sig-1R), mitochondrial 2-oxoglutarate/malate carrier protein (SLC25A11), sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 (SREBP2), steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, mitochondrial (StARD1), tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated protein 1 (TRAP1).
Article Snippet: Antibodies specific for mitochondrial 2-oxoglutarate/malate carrier protein (SLC25A11) (12253-1-AP), GRAM domain-containing protein 1B (GRAMD1B) (24905-1-AP), 78 kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP78) (11587-1-AP), steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, mitochondrial (StARD1) (12225-1-AP), B-cell lymphoma-2-like protein 1 (BCL-XL) (10783-1-AP), B-cell lymphoma-2-associated X protein (BAX) (50599-2-Ig), long-chain fatty acid-CoA ligase 4 (ACSL4) (22401-1-AP), Sig-1R (15168-1-AP), sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 (SREBP2) (28212-1-AP), tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated protein 1 (TRAP1) (10325-1-AP), and α-tubulin (11224-1-AP) were obtained from Proteintech (Wuhan, China).
Techniques: Activation Assay, Inhibition, Binding Assay, Membrane
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